I'm starting off with the Maze Of Galious.
I tried to find more background information on the spells and demons and there is a lot of information out there, but for now I'll keep it sweet and short 
Here is a short example on Elohim which is also the most famous name on the internet from all 'demon spells'
Elohim (×Ö±×œ×•Ö¹×”Ö´×™× , ×להי×, sometimes transliterated as Aleim[1]) is a Hebrew word which expresses concepts of divinity. It is apparently related to the Hebrew word Ä“l, though morphologically it consists of the Hebrew word Eloah (×לוה) with a plural suffix. Elohim is the third word in the Hebrew text of Genesis and occurs frequently throughout the Torah, the Jewish Holy Scroll, recognized as the Bible or the Old Testament by other religions. Its exact significance is often disputed.
Source
It looks like the seals of the demons are actually origination in the 6th and 7th book of Moses.
The following seal is from the Twelfth Table of Schemhamforasch (see link below)

Hereis some background information scroll down for the 'angels' which can be called you will see names as Yomar Elohim and Ascher.
Popolon is supposed to be greek but I can't find any reference to the exact name. The closest 'name' I could find is populus which freely translates into people/population.
Aphrodite on the other hand is a real Greek Godess she was 'cursed' by Zeus to fall in love with a mortal called Anchises. So either Konami messed up the greek mythology or they made up their own story. Although I have to admit since Aphrodite fell in love with 'people' (mortals) I can understand the name Popolon.
There are 2 versions on how Aphordite was born:
There were two versions of Aphrodite’s birth. The first version suggested that Aphrodite was created from the foam of the sea when Cronus cut off Uranus’s genitals. Homer, in his poems, suggested that Aphrodite came from the union of Zeus and Dione. source
I guess Konami went with the 2nd version since it sounds more romantic.
Pampers is a brand of baby products marketed by Procter & Gamble. Let me know if I missed something on this name :)
